Thomas Hartung, MD PhD, is professor and chair for toxicology, pharmacology, molecular microbiology, Evidence-based Toxicology and immunology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, and University of Konstanz, Germany. He directs the Centers of Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT) of both universities. From 2002-2008 he led the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy.